How Does ADHD Medication Work?
When a neuron sends an information to another, it makes use of neurotransmitters or chemicals. These chemicals must travel through a tiny gap known as a synapse.
Certain ADHD medications increase the efficiency of these messages. They can aid neurons in releasing more neurotransmitters, or slow down the process of reuptake (called reuptake inhibitors).
Doctors begin ADHD patients with a low dose and monitor their response. They adjust the dosage over time to discover a "sweet spot" -the lowest dose that shows clear improvement in symptoms with few adverse side effects.
Methylphenidate
Methylphenidate is the primary type of medication doctors often try to help kids with ADHD. It is a way to increase the amount of norepinephrine and dopamine in kids' brains which aids them in focusing and pay attention. It also reduces their impulsivity and hyperactivity. It is important to remember that the methylphenidate drug is a controlled substance and should only be taken under the supervision of a doctor.
The most common methylphenidate medication is Ritalin. It is available in tablets that release immediately (Ritalin, Concerta, or Quillichew ER) chewable tablets that are long-acting (Cotempla XR-ODT or Adhansia XR) or long-acting capsules (Adhansia PM or Jornay PM). Some versions of this medication contain artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, which may be hazardous for those suffering from phenylketonuria (an inheritable condition that causes severe intellectual impairment). Be sure to inform your provider about any food allergies you or your child has.
Researchers have discovered that methylphenidate can reduce aberrant activity, especially in the nucleus of accumbens and also a network of brain networks that are involved in the process of adaptive control. This is the reason why methylphenidate is among the most effective medications to treat ADHD.
Side effects of stimulants include headaches, nausea, insomnia, anxiety, agitation or an agitation and tics. They aren't common, but they could be serious. If they occur you must contact your doctor right away. It is also important to inform your doctor if you or your child suffers from allergies, an underlying heart condition or bipolar disorder, depression or any other mental health issues or glaucoma, a past history of stroke or seizures, or if you are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) like isocarboxazid (Marplan) and linezolid (Zyvox) and methylene blue, or phenelzine (Nardil). It is crucial to take your methylphenidate exactly in accordance with the prescription of your doctor.
Amphetamines
Amphetamines speed up messages between brain cells and can help you concentrate your thoughts and ignore distractions. They are the most commonly used treatments for ADHD in both adults and children. They boost the levels of neurotransmitters, dopamine and norepinephrine, in your brain. Amphetamines can be found in short-acting (immediate release) and intermediate- or long-acting versions. They can be consumed orally or by injection.
Some people have a tough dealing with the adverse effects of stimulant drugs like sleeplessness, insomnia, or an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Your doctor will observe your symptoms and adjust the dose to determine the most effective one for you. Some people may require multiple prescriptions to achieve the desired outcome.
The effects of stimulants are mediated by two essential neurotransmitters within the pre-frontal cortex, which is the brain region that regulates emotions and regulate your behavior. These medications are prescribed to treat a variety of mental health issues that include depression, ADD/ADHD, anxiety and bipolar disorder.
The most common types of stimulant drugs are methylphenidates and amphetamines. The FDA has approved dozens brand-name stimulants for treating ADHD. They are available in various types, from short-acting up to long-acting, and are administered orally or by injection. Students, truck drivers and teens who require more energy to perform endurance sports can abuse amphetamines. They can also trigger physical and mental problems when misused, especially with higher doses.
ADHD can be treated with non-stimulant medication. They include atomoxetine, clonidine, and Guanfacine. They are in the same class as antidepressants and belong to the norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists classes. They are based on the same chemicals that stimulants do, but they are less likely to trigger the symptoms of tics in those with Tourette syndrome.
Short-acting stimulants
These drugs are used to treat teens and children with ADHD. These medications can be taken orally or applied to the skin. They are available in liquids and patches as well as pills that can either be swallowed or chewed. They are generally only available with a prescription from a doctor. They include methylphenidate (brand names Ritalin (Concerta, Focalin (Daytrana) and amphetamines (Adderall (Dexedrine, Vyvanse)). Short-acting stimulants have a rapid effect and last for 3 to 6 hours.
These drugs ease symptoms for 70 percent to 80% children and adults with ADHD. They decrease the amount of fidgeting, interrupting and make it easier for you to complete tasks. They also help improve relationships and academic performance. However, they can't address the root causes of ADHD. It is crucial to integrate them with behavioral therapy.
It is important to be aware that ADHD medication can cause negative side effects. You might feel tired or cranky, or even sleepy. These effects are usually minimal and disappear when the medicine leaves your system. Your doctor may advise you to start with a small dosage and gradually increase it. They will be watching you or your child to see whether there are any issues with the medication.
Finding the appropriate medication for you or your children might take some time. It is recommended to speak openly with your health professional. They may suggest changes in the frequency at which you or your child take the medication or even whether it's necessary at all. They will also want to know if you or your child has any other medical or mental issues.
Intermediate stimulants
The stimulants help to manage ADHD symptoms by altering the activity of important neurotransmitters in the brain. This increases the levels of dopamine as well as norepinephrine. These two chemicals are essential for the functioning of the pre-frontal cortex of the brain (think of it as your "secretary" in the executive functioning part of your brain). The majority of kids with ADHD respond well to stimulant medications. Your doctor will work with you to figure out what kind of medication and dose is appropriate for you. It is possible to test various kinds of medication before you can find the one that works for you or your kids.
You can take these stimulants in chewable tablets or liquid form. These drugs are quick-acting and last for up to four hours. The "crash effect" can occur when the medicine wears out. This is evident by a sudden decrease in energy levels and extreme hunger. There are also long-acting stimulants like dexamfetamine or lisdexamfetamine. These are more complicated and require prescriptions. They are injected into bloodstreams and then change from inactive to active in red blood cells.
It takes time to determine the right medication, dosage, and schedule for your child or you. Your doctor will track how you react to the medication and look for signs such as sleep disturbances. They will also talk to you about non-stimulant medication in the event that you or your child are not responding well to the stimulants.
Never stop or alter your ADHD medication without consulting with your doctor. Tell your doctor if you take any prescription drugs or supplements, as some could interact with ADHD medications.
Long-acting stimulants
Stimulant medication is effective for 70-80 percent of children and adults with ADHD, helping to cut down on hyperactivity, interruptions or fidgeting and impulsivity. They can also help people focus, finish tasks, and maintain relationships. They may not reduce moodiness, or other nagging symptoms. They may also cause negative side effects, such as sleepiness, loss of appetite and jitteriness. They may also cause stomachaches, changes in the heart rhythm and high blood pressure.
These medications work in stages to treat ADHD symptoms throughout the day. The majority of them begin to show effects within 30 to 45 minutes, and wear off within 3 to 6 hours. They are often used in combination with other types of ADHD treatment, such as behavioral therapy.
Some of these stimulants with long-acting effects, including Atomoxetine (Strattera) and guanfacine-ER (Intuniv) will last throughout the night and into the morning. Some doctors recommend taking them to fill an afternoon trough, so patients do not require a second dose of medication at school or after school.
Long-acting stimulants don't increase dopamine levels in the same way as intermediate or short-acting drugs. However, they still have a significant effect on dopamine levels. As a result, they don't trigger the same type of rebound effects that can occur with shorter-acting drugs.
Due to the potential for negative side effects, long-acting stimulants are typically prescribed as a second-line treatment for adults and older teens suffering from ADHD. However, they can be used as a first-line treatment for certain people with ADHD who haven't responded to other medications.
While add adhd medication can help improve self-control and concentration, it is not the only solution for those with ADHD. With the help of good eating habits, regular sleep, and other self-help techniques it's possible to decrease or even eliminate the need for ADHD medication.